^ Ian Whicher (1998), The Integrity of the Yoga Darśana, State University of New York Press, pages 63, 124-129, 138, 188-190.
^ a b c d Alban Widgery (1930), The principles of Hindu Ethics, International Journal of Ethics, Vol.
Classical Samkhya and Yoga: An Indian Metaphysics of Experience.
^ Alter, Joseph S., Yoga in modern India, 2004 Princeton University Press, p 55.
^ a b Ian Whicher (1998), The Integrity of the Yoga Darśana, State University of New York Press, pages 86-87, 124-125, 163-167, 238-243.
Lochtefeld, Sattva, in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M, Vol. Classical Sāṃkhya: An Interpretation of Its History and Meaning. The Sattva in Buddhism means "a living being, creature, person or sentient being". Sattva, or Satta in Pali language, is found in Buddhist texts, such as in Bodhi-sattva. In some, the conduct is rajasik with significant influence of sattvik guna, in some it is rajasik with significant influence of tamasik guna, and so on. One's nature and behavior is a complex interplay of all of these, with each guna in varying degrees. Īccording to the Samkhya school, no one and nothing is either purely sattvik or purely rajasik or purely tamasik. The living being or substance is viewed as the net result of the joint effect of these three qualities. Rather, everyone and everything has all three, only in different proportions and in different contexts. In Indian philosophy, these qualities are not considered as present in either-or fashion.
Tamas is the quality of imbalance, disorder, chaos, anxiety, impure, destructive, delusion, negative, dull or inactive, apathy, inertia or lethargy, violent, vicious, ignorant.
Rajas is the quality of passion, activity, neither good nor bad and sometimes either, self-centeredness, egoistic, individualizing, driven, moving, dynamic.
Sattva is the quality of balance, harmony, goodness, purity, universalizing, holistic, constructive, creative, building, positive attitude, luminous, serenity, being-ness, peaceful, virtuous.
This category of qualities has been widely adopted by various schools of Hinduism for categorizing behavior and natural phenomena. In Samkhya philosophy, a guṇa is one of three "tendencies, qualities": sattva, rajas and tamas.
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